{"id":2432,"date":"2026-10-06T06:19:39","date_gmt":"2026-10-06T06:19:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/irodriguez.inscastellbisbal.net\/?page_id=2432"},"modified":"2026-10-06T06:31:53","modified_gmt":"2026-10-06T06:31:53","slug":"creacio-duna-mv-amb-debian","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/irodriguez.inscastellbisbal.net\/?page_id=2432","title":{"rendered":"Creaci\u00f3 d&#8217;una MV amb Debian"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Una vegada instal\u00b7lat, obrim \u201cVirtualBox\u201d, creem una m\u00e0quina nova amb el nom de \u201cDebian13Trixie\u201d, posem 2 CPU\u2019s i 20GB de disc dur.<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lfontanet.inscastellbisbal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/trixie2-768x549.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3150\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1.3989071038251366;width:768px;height:auto\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Dins de la configuraci\u00f3, abans d\u2019iniciar la m\u00e0quina virtual anirem a \u00abRed\u00bb i canviarem \u00abNAT\u00bb per \u00abAdaptador puente\u00bb<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lfontanet.inscastellbisbal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/trixie13-768x435.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3164\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1.7655172413793103;width:768px;height:auto\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Una vegada iniciada la m\u00e0quina virtual fem clic a \u00abGraphical Install\u00bb<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lfontanet.inscastellbisbal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/trixie3.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3151\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1.196969696969697;width:632px;height:auto\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Despr\u00e9s seleccionem l\u2019idioma, configuraci\u00f3 de teclat i zona hor\u00e0ria<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lfontanet.inscastellbisbal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/trixie4-768x575.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3152\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1.3356521739130436;width:768px;height:auto\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Escrivim un nom per la m\u00e0quina, per defecte posar\u00e0 \u00abdebian\u00bb.<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lfontanet.inscastellbisbal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/trixie5-768x644.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3153\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1.1925465838509317;width:768px;height:auto\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Despr\u00e9s ens demanar\u00e0 un domini per la xarxa, el podem deixar en blanc i el seg\u00fcent pas ser\u00e0 crear una clau per un superusuari.<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lfontanet.inscastellbisbal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/trixie6-768x644.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3154\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1.1925465838509317;width:768px;height:auto\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Creem un usuari nou i li posem un nom<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lfontanet.inscastellbisbal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/trixie7-768x644.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3155\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1.1925465838509317;width:768px;height:auto\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Escribim contrase\u00f1a del usuari creat previament<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lfontanet.inscastellbisbal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/trixie8-768x644.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3156\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1.1925465838509317;width:768px;height:auto\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Seleccionem la nostra zona d\u2019Espanya (Pen\u00ednsula, Ceuta, Baleares)<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">En el pas de les particions seleccionarem \u00abGuiado \u2013 Tot el disc\u00bb perqu\u00e8 aix\u00ed l\u2019instal\u00b7lador crea autom\u00e0ticament les particions necess\u00e0ries sense complicar la instal\u00b7laci\u00f3.<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lfontanet.inscastellbisbal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/trixie9-768x644.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3157\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1.1925465838509317;width:768px;height:auto\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Per particionar els discos seleccionarem \u00abTodos los ficheros en una particion\u00bb aix\u00ed el sistema ho guarda tot en un sol espai.<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lfontanet.inscastellbisbal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/trixie10.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3158\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1.1916790490341753;width:802px;height:auto\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Un cop instal\u00b7lat haurem de configurar el gestor de paquets, seleccionem l\u2019idioma.<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lfontanet.inscastellbisbal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/trixie11-768x644.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3159\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1.1925465838509317;width:768px;height:auto\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">A l\u2019hora de seleccionar la r\u00e8plica de Debian seleccionarem la primera opci\u00f3 perqu\u00e8 \u00e9s la m\u00e9s recomanada, ja que \u00e9s el servidor principal de Debian i busca la manera m\u00e9s r\u00e0pida<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lfontanet.inscastellbisbal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/trixie12-768x644.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3160\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1.1925465838509317;width:768px;height:auto\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Despr\u00e9s del paquet es comen\u00e7ar\u00e0 a instal\u00b7lar tot fins que arribem a la selecci\u00f3 de programes, marcarem \u00abGNOME, SSH Server, Entorno de escritorio Debian i Utilidades est\u00e1ndar del sistema\u00bb.<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lfontanet.inscastellbisbal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/trixie14-768x644.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3166\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1.1925465838509317;width:768px;height:auto\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Quan la instal\u00b7laci\u00f3 s\u2019hagi completat farem clic a \u00abContinuar\u00bb i es reiniciar\u00e0 la m\u00e0quina<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lfontanet.inscastellbisbal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/trixie15-768x644.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3167\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1.1925465838509317;width:768px;height:auto\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Aix\u00ed ens queda el Debian instal\u00b7lat<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lfontanet.inscastellbisbal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/trixie16-768x529.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3168\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1.45179584120983;width:768px;height:auto\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Per canviar la m\u00e0quina d\u2019entorn gr\u00e0fic a CLI escriurem la seg\u00fcent comanda a la terminal:<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">sudo systemctl set-default multi-user.target<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Despr\u00e9s farem un \u00absudo reboot\u00bb i quan encenem la m\u00e0quina ja estar\u00e0 amb CLI<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lfontanet.inscastellbisbal.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Captura-de-pantalla-2026-09-30-11-46-57-1024x697.png\" alt=\"\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1.4691535150645625;width:1024px;height:auto\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Configuraci\u00f3 necessaria<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. Configuraci\u00f3 de permisos d\u2019administrador<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Afegir l\u2019usuari al grup Sudo<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Terminal \u2014 Permisos Sudo<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">root@debian:~# su \u2013<br>root@debian:~# usermod -aG sudo super<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Qu\u00e8 \u00e9s i per a qu\u00e8 serveix?<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Afegeix l\u2019usuari <code>super<\/code> al grup d\u2019administradors (<code>sudo<\/code>) des del compte de superusuari (<code>root<\/code>) per poder executar comandes de gesti\u00f3 del sistema sense restriccions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. Optimitzaci\u00f3 de xarxa i internet<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Instal\u00b7laci\u00f3 i configuraci\u00f3 de DNS i TCP BBR<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Terminal \u2014 Optimitzaci\u00f3 de xarxa<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">super@debian:~$ sudo apt update &amp;&amp; sudo apt install -y systemd-resolved<br>super@debian:~$ sudo systemctl enable \u2013now systemd-resolved<br>super@debian:~$ sudo nmcli connection modify \u00abWired connection 1\u00bb ipv4.dns \u00ab1.1.1.1 8.8.8.8\u00bb ipv4.ignore-auto-dns yes<br>super@debian:~$ sudo nmcli connection down \u00abWired connection 1\u00bb &amp;&amp; sudo nmcli connection up \u00abWired connection 1\u00bb<br>super@debian:~$ echo \u00abnet.core.default_qdisc=fq\u00bb | sudo tee -a \/etc\/sysctl.conf<br>super@debian:~$ echo \u00abnet.ipv4.tcp_congestion_control=bbr\u00bb | sudo tee -a \/etc\/sysctl.conf<br>super@debian:~$ sudo sysctl -p<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Qu\u00e8 \u00e9s i per a qu\u00e8 serveix?<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Optimitza la navegaci\u00f3 per internet i les desc\u00e0rregues mitjan\u00e7ant tres millores clau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>systemd-resolved:<\/strong> Activa la mem\u00f2ria cau DNS local per accelerar la c\u00e0rrega de p\u00e0gines web.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>DNS r\u00e0pids (nmcli):<\/strong> Assigna els servidors DNS de Cloudflare (1.1.1.1) i Google (8.8.8.8) a la interf\u00edcie de xarxa.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>TCP BBR:<\/strong> Activa el controlador de congesti\u00f3 de Google al nucli de Linux per reduir la lat\u00e8ncia i maximitzar la velocitat.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. Optimitzaci\u00f3 de rendiment del sistema<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">VirtualBox Guest Additions<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Terminal \u2014 VirtualBox Guest Additions<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">super@debian:~$ sudo apt update &amp;&amp; sudo apt install -y virtualbox-guest-x11 virtualbox-guest-utils<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Qu\u00e8 \u00e9s i per a qu\u00e8 serveix?<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Conjunt de controladors per a VirtualBox que permeten reduir l\u2019\u00fas de la CPU, ajustar la resoluci\u00f3 de pantalla autom\u00e0ticament i habilitar la funci\u00f3 de copiar i enganxar entre el teu ordinador i la MV.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Open VM Tools (VMware)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Terminal \u2014 Open VM Tools<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">super@debian:~$ sudo apt update &amp;&amp; sudo apt install -y open-vm-tools-desktop<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Qu\u00e8 \u00e9s i per a qu\u00e8 serveix?<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Paquet d\u2019eines equivalent per a <strong>VMware<\/strong> que optimitza el rendiment gr\u00e0fic, la mem\u00f2ria RAM i la flu\u00efdesa general del sistema operatiu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4. Seguretat<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Tallafocs \/ Firewall (GUFW i UFW)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Terminal \u2014 Tallafocs<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">super@debian:~$ sudo apt install -y gufw<br>super@debian:~$ sudo ufw enable<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Qu\u00e8 \u00e9s i per a qu\u00e8 serveix?<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>UFW<\/strong> \u00e9s el tallafocs encarregat de protegir el sistema controlant el tr\u00e0fic de xarxa i bloquejant connexions no autoritzades, mentre que <strong>GUFW<\/strong> n\u2019\u00e9s la interf\u00edcie gr\u00e0fica per gestionar-lo f\u00e0cilment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Antivirus (ClamTK)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Terminal \u2014 Antivirus<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">super@debian:~$ sudo apt install -y clamtk<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Qu\u00e8 \u00e9s i per a qu\u00e8 serveix?<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>ClamTK<\/strong> \u00e9s la interf\u00edcie gr\u00e0fica de l\u2019antivirus <strong>ClamAV<\/strong>. Serveix per analitzar fitxers i directoris a la cerca de programari malici\u00f3s i actualitzar les bases de dades de seguretat.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Una vegada instal\u00b7lat, obrim \u201cVirtualBox\u201d, creem una m\u00e0quina nova amb el nom de \u201cDebian13Trixie\u201d, posem 2 CPU\u2019s i 20GB de disc dur. Dins de la &hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":2410,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2432","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Creaci\u00f3 d&#039;una MV amb Debian - Ivan Rodriguez Jimenez<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/irodriguez.inscastellbisbal.net\/?page_id=2432\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ca_ES\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Creaci\u00f3 d&#039;una MV amb Debian - Ivan Rodriguez Jimenez\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Una vegada instal\u00b7lat, obrim \u201cVirtualBox\u201d, creem una m\u00e0quina nova amb el nom de \u201cDebian13Trixie\u201d, posem 2 CPU\u2019s i 20GB de disc dur. 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En aquest espai anir\u00e9 compartint el que aprenc: des de conceptes b\u00e0sics de maquinari i programari, fins a programaci\u00f3, xarxes i projectes personals. El meu objectiu \u00e9s anar creixent pas a pas en aquest m\u00f3n de la tecnologia i, al hora, deixar aqu\u00ed un registre del meu progr\u00e9s.  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